茄果类蔬菜日光温室智能化育苗关键控制技术

为了制定出1套可操作性强的日光温室智能化育苗关键控制技术体系,经实践并结合智能化育苗数据检测控制及管理系统,总结和完善了茄果类蔬菜幼苗不同阶段对温度、基质湿度及光照等的具体要求,最终形成了1套可操作性强的技术体系。     

The roles of light and pericarp on seed dormancy and germination in feral Raphanus sativus (Brassicaceae)

The timing of seed germination may determine the success of a weed species in an agroecosystem, and its expression is modulated by environmental conditions, but also by seed physiology and anatomy. The aims of this study were to investigate the roles of light, pericarp, dry storage and cold stratification on seed dormancy and germination in feral radish, a troublesome agricultural weed in temperate zones of the Americas that reduces crop yields. To this end, we used isolated intact pods and extracted seeds to test germination over time under contrasting temperature, light and storage conditions. Here, we showed that fresh seeds were non‐dormant, but that light and the presence of the pericarp reduced germination, especially under low temperatures. The pericarp reduced the final water content absorbed by seeds inside pods and decreased absorption/dehydration rates. The pericarp showed several small lignified cell layers in the endocarp, and x‐ray images displayed the lack of space between the partially embedded seed and the endocarp. Dry storage and cold stratification were ineffective in breaking the dormancy imposed by the pericarp. The apparent requirement for darkness and the mechanical restriction of the pericarp may have the potential to induce dormancy, spreading the timing of seed germination over a more extended period and hindering the control of feral radish.     

Interactive effects of family and stocking density on survival and growth of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius

To investigate the effects of family, stocking density, and their interaction on mortality, growth rate, and size dispersal in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius, 1,440 juveniles from six full‐sib families were exposed to three stocking densities, that is, low stocking density (LD), middle stocking density (MD), and high stocking density (HD), and reared for 10 months in sea‐based suspended cages. The results demonstrated significant family effects on cumulative mortality rate (CMR); specific growth rate for test diameter (SGR for TD); specific growth rate for body weight (SGR for BW); coefficient of variation for body weight at the 10th month (CV for BW₁₀); and significant stocking density effects on SGR for TD, SGR for BW, and CV for BW₁₀. Statistically significant family by stocking density interaction was only found in SGR for TD. A certain degree of family‐ranking inversions occurred in SGR for TD. The present study provides evidence for the existence of family by stocking density interaction on the growth rate of test diameter in the family selection for S. intermedius. More attention should be paid to this interaction effect to select correct parents in S. intermedius.     

Predicting the potential geographic distribution of Bactrocera bryoniae and Bactrocera neohumeralis(Diptera: Tephritidae) in China using MaxEnt ecological niche modeling

Bactrocera bryoniae and Bactrocera neohumeralis are highly destructive and major biosecurity/quarantine pests of fruit and vegetable in the tropical and subtropical regions in the South Pacific and Australia. Although these pests have not established in China, precautions must be taken due to their highly destructive nature. Thus, we predicted the potential geographic distribution of B. bryoniae and B. neohumeralis across the world and in particular China by ecological niche modeling of the Maximum Entropy(Max Ent) model with the occurrence records of these two species. Bactrocera bryoniae and B. neohumeralis exhibit similar potential geographic distribution ranges across the world and in China, and each species was predicted to be able to distribute to over 20% of the globe. Globally, the potential geographic distribution ranges for these two fruit fly species included southern Asia, the central and the southeast coast of Africa, southern North America, northern and central South America, and Australia. While within China, most of the southern Yangtze River area was found suitable for these species. Notably, southern China was considered to have the highest risk of B. bryoniae and B. neohumeralis invasions. Our study identifies the regions at high risk for potential establishment of B. bryoniae and B. neohumeralis in the world and in particular China, and informs the development of inspection and biosecurity/quarantine measures to prevent and control their invasions.     

不同还田方式下北方旱作小麦秸秆腐解规律研究

为揭示不同还田方式下北方旱作小麦秸秆腐解规律,以小麦秸秆为试验材料,采用尼龙网袋法,于2014-2015年度在山西临汾保护性耕作长期定位试验区进行试验,设置秸秆还田旋耕(SRT)、秸秆覆盖免耕(SNT)2个处理,分析不同耕作方式下小麦秸秆的纤维素、半纤维素、木质素、有机碳、全氮含量以及秸秆腐解率、有机碳矿化率、全氮释放率的变化。结果显示,经过375 d的田间腐解,SRT秸秆腐解率为50%,SNT秸秆腐解率为31%。SRT秸秆的纤维素、半纤维素、木质素的平均腐解率分别为65%、45%、53%,SNT分别为56%、30%、39%;SRT秸秆有机碳的矿化率为57%,SNT为40%;SRT秸秆全氮素释放率为15%,SNT为36%。研究表明,SRT可加快秸秆腐解与组成成分的分解,SNT有利于秸秆氮素的释放,可减少农田氮投入。SNT秸秆有机碳矿化率低可减少农田碳循环速率,提高麦田固碳能力。本研究结果对我国北方旱作小麦秸秆还田管理具有一定的借鉴参考价值。     

秸秆还田配施腐熟剂对砂性土壤性质及滴灌玉米生长的影响

为探究秸秆还田配施腐熟剂对宁夏扬黄灌区土壤改良和玉米增产的效应,在秸秆还田条件下施用3种不同腐熟剂[生物秸秆速腐剂(SR+BS)、EM菌秸秆腐熟剂(SR+RJ)、有机废物发酵菌曲(SR+OW)],以秸秆还田不施腐熟剂处理为对照(CK),研究其对秸秆生物失重率、砂性土壤理化性状和滴灌玉米生长及产量的影响。结果表明,3种腐熟剂均能有效促进玉米秸秆腐解,其中SR+RJ的秸秆腐解程度最佳,翻埋130 d后其秸秆生物失重率为49.9%,SR+OW和SR+BS次之,3种处理分别较CK显著提高7.1、5.7、5.2个百分点。SR+RJ对改善0~40 cm土层土壤容重效果最佳,较CK显著降低4.2%,同时显著提高了耕层土壤有机质和速效养分含量及生育中后期土壤贮水量,SR+OW和SR+BS次之。施用秸秆腐熟剂能明显促进玉米生育中后期植株生长,其中SR+RJ最佳。SR+RJ和SR+OW对玉米增产增收效果最明显,分别较CK显著增产26.9%、23.4%,显著增收28.8%、23.4%。可见,秸秆还田配施腐熟剂可有效促进玉米秸秆腐解,改善土壤理化性质,促进玉米生长发育,显著提高作物产量与经济效益,以EM菌秸秆腐熟剂效果最佳。本研究为宁夏扬黄灌区还田后促进秸秆腐熟和砂性土壤培肥及玉米高产提供了技术参考。     

杨梅果实生长指标的数学模型及各指标间的相关性分析

为揭示白杨梅果实颜色和单果质量等相关性状的变化规律,以及各指标间的相互关系,本研究以10年生水晶种为试材,测定其果实生长发育过程中各生长指标的动态变化,选择3种理论生长方程对单果质量、纵径、横径、果形指数、果实明度(L^*)、红绿值/黄蓝值(a^*/b^*)、柠檬酸、草酸、葡萄糖、蔗糖和果糖等11个指标进行拟合,并根据拟合结果确定合适的生长方程确立数学模型;同时,对果实生长各指标间的相关性进行分析。结果表明,L^*、果形指数、柠檬酸和蔗糖等指标适合选择三项式方程,a^*/b^*、草酸、果糖和葡萄糖等指标符合二项式方程,单果质量、纵径和横径等指标符合Logistic方程。在果实发育过程中,a^*/b^*与单果质量、纵径、横径、蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖和明度之间呈极显著正相关,a^*/b^*与果形指数和柠檬酸之间呈显著负相关,草酸与L^*和a^*/b^*之间呈极显著负相关。本研究结果为基于颜色对杨梅品质进行无损伤检测和模拟、预测果实发育奠定了理论基础。     

60Co-γ射线对睡莲生物学效应的影响

为探究辐射对睡莲的生物学效应,对2个睡莲品种弗吉尼亚(Nymphaea Virginia)和奥毛斯特(N.Almost black)的块茎进行不同剂量的⁶⁰Co-γ射线辐射处理。结果表明,2个睡莲品种的存活率均随辐射剂量的增加而下降,半致死剂量分别为24.342和27.671 Gy。5~10 Gy 剂量⁶⁰Co-γ辐射处理使睡莲叶面积和浮叶数显著增加,20~40 Gy剂量⁶⁰Co-γ辐射处理使叶面积和浮叶数显著减少。2个睡莲品种的开花时间均随辐射剂量的增加而延迟,但整个花期长度无显著变化。10~40 Gy剂量⁶⁰Co-γ辐射处理显著降低了睡莲花径,但对睡莲开花率无显著影响。辐射处理导致2个睡莲品种的叶片均出现红棕色斑块、锯齿、皱缩、小孔、卷曲、黄化等变异,且红棕色斑块的面积随着辐射剂量的增加而增大。辐射处理使黑红色花品种奥毛斯特出现普遍的褪色现象,而白色花品种弗吉尼亚的花色未发生变异。此外,经⁶⁰Co-γ射线辐射处理后2个睡莲品种均出现了花型变异的现象。本研究结果为利用辐射诱变技术选育睡莲新品种奠定了基础。     

Specific ion effect of H+ on variably charged soil colloid aggregation

Specific ion effects (Hofmeister effects) have recently attracted the attention of soil scientists, and it has been found that ionic non-classic polarization plays an important role in the specific ion effect in soil. However, this explanation cannot be applied to H⁺. The aim of this work was to characterize the specific ion effect of H⁺ on variably charged soil (yellow soil) colloid aggregation. The total average aggregation (TAA) rate, critical coagulation concentration (CCC), activation energy, and zeta potential were used to characterize and compare the specific ion effects of H⁺, K⁺, and Na⁺. Results showed that strong specific ion effects of H⁺, K⁺, and Na⁺ existed in variably charged soil colloid aggregation. The TAA rate, CCC, and activation energy were sensitive to H⁺, and the addition of a small amount of H⁺ changed the TAA rate, CCC, and activation energy markedly. The zeta potential results indicated that the specific ion effects of H⁺, K⁺, and Na⁺ on soil colloid aggregation were caused by the specific ion effects of H⁺, K⁺, and Na⁺ on the soil electric field strength. In addition, the origin of the specific ion effect for H⁺ was its chemical adsorption onto surfaces, while those for alkali cations were non-classic polarization. This study indicated that H⁺, which occurs naturally in variably charged soils, will dominate variably charged soil colloid aggregation.     

联合收获机单神经元PID导航控制器设计与试验

针对联合收获机在田间直线跟踪作业中在维持高割幅率条件下易产生漏割的问题,设计了一种基于单神经元PID(Proportion Integration Differentiation)的联合收获机导航控制器。以轮式联合收获机为平台,通过对原有液压转向机构进行电控液压改装,搭载相关传感器构建了导航硬件系统。开展了常规PID控制和单神经元PID控制的仿真以及实地对比试验,仿真结果表明单神经元PID控制具有超调小和进入稳态快等特点;路面试验表明,当收获机速度为0.7 m/s时,单神经元PID控制最大跟踪偏差为6.10 cm,平均绝对偏差为1.21 cm;田间试验表明,收获机速度为0.7 m/s时,单神经元PID控制田间收获最大跟踪偏差为8.14 cm,平均绝对偏差为3.20 cm。试验表明所设计的联合收获机导航控制器能够满足自动导航收获作业要求,为收获作业自动导航提供了技术参考。